Sexarbeiter*innen fehlen in der Pandemie Verdienstmöglichkeiten – auch die Stigmatisierung hat drastische Folgen
Brigitte Theißl
4. April 2021, 12:00
Im Gegensatz zu den Lokalbetreibern seien Sexarbeiter*innen und Beratungsstellen kaum mit Informationen versorgt.
Die Pandemie setzt Branchen, die von prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen geprägt sind, ganz besonders zu – so auch der Sexarbeit. Ein Jahr lang konnten Sexarbeiter*innen in Österreich kaum legal ihre Dienste anbieten, mit der aktuellen Covid-19-Verordnung sind nun auch Hausbesuche bei den Kund*innen bis auf weiteres verboten. "Die Lage ist fatal", sagt Christine Nagl, die das Projekt Pia der Salzburger Frauenservicestelle Frau & Arbeit leitet. Sexarbeiterinnen würden zunehmend vor massiven finanziellen Problemen stehen, erzählt die Sozialarbeiterin im STANDARD-Interview, auf staatliche Unterstützungsleistungen könnten nur wenige zurückgreifen. So scheiterte der Zugang zu Geldern aus dem Härtefallfonds meist an der Kontonummer: Nur wer ein österreichisches Bankkonto besitzt, kann einen Antrag stellen. Rund 90 Prozent der Sexarbeiter*innen in Österreich sind Migrantinnen, ihr Konto haben sie oft im Herkunftsland eröffnet.
Stigmatisierung
"Die meisten Sexarbeiter*innen warten darauf, dass die Lokale endlich wieder aufgehen und sie regulär arbeiten können", sagt Renate Blum vom Wiener Verein LEFÖ. Viele hätten sich inzwischen hoch verschuldet, somit steige auch die Gefahr, in Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse zu Betreibern zu geraten. Besonders häufig würden Betroffene von den hohen Mietkosten berichten, die ohne laufendes Einkommen kaum noch zu stemmen seien.
Mit fehlenden Einkünften und der andauernden Unsicherheit haben nicht nur Sexarbeiter*innen zu kämpfen. Rund 17.000 Mieter*innen – und damit doppelt so vielen wie im Vorjahr – könnte 2021 eine Delogierung drohen, warnte die Arbeiterkammer. Doch für Sexarbeiter*innen verschärfe die gesellschaftliche Stigmatisierung die Lage, sagt Blum im STANDARD-Gespräch. "Friseur*innen oder Gastwirt*innen werden als wichtiger Teil der Gesellschaft anerkannt, Sexarbeiter*innen hingegen haben keine laute Stimme. Wir diskutieren nicht breit darüber, wann Prostitutionslokale wieder öffnen dürfen."
Illegale Arbeit
In Wien führte die Polizei im vergangenen Jahr indes mehrere Schwerpunktkontrollen in Privatwohnungen durch. Anlass war die "verstärkte Internetpräsenz von Prostituierten, die ihre Dienstleistungen anbieten", so die Landespolizeidirektion Wien in einer Aussendung. Anzeigen seien sowohl aufgrund von Verstößen gegen das Wiener Prostitutionsgesetz als auch wegen Übertretungen der Covid-19-Schutzmaßnahmenverordnung erfolgt.
Christian Knappik, Sprecher des Vereins Sexworker Forum, kritisiert das Vorgehen der Beamt*innen – etwa wenn Polizisten verdeckt als Kunden auftreten und einen Termin buchen würden. "Wer so ein Erlebnis hat, geht später nicht zur Polizei, wenn es zum Beispiel einen Fall von Ausbeutung gibt", sagt Knappik, der gemeinsam mit Sexarbeiter*innen ein ehrenamtliches Unterstützungsnetzwerk betreibt.
Pflichtuntersuchung im Lockdown
Auch Christine Nagl sieht Sexarbeiter*innen stärker im Visier der Polizei als andere Berufsgruppen. Gerade in der Pandemie seien Sexarbeiter*innen als potenzielle Superspreader dargestellt worden, die schon bestehende Diskriminierung habe sich verstärkt. Sexdienstleister*innen müssen sich in Österreich einer verpflichtenden Untersuchung unterziehen, nur mit dem Stempel im Gesundheitsausweis ("Deckel") darf legal gearbeitet werden. Alle sechs Wochen ist eine Untersuchung fällig, das Vorliegen einer HIV- oder Syphilisinfektion wird alle drei Monate überprüft. Während die Stadt Wien die Pflichtuntersuchung durchgehend anbot, schränkten andere Bundesländer den Zugang ein. "Ich hatte mehrfach Kontakt mit dem Salzburger Gesundheitsamt, weil Frauen einfach keinen Untersuchungstermin bekommen haben", sagt Nagl. Zwischen den Lockdowns hätten die Betroffenen so nicht legal ihrer Arbeit nachgehen können. "Ich glaube nicht, dass man mit einer anderen Berufsgruppe so umgehen würde."
In Wien habe das Zentrum für Sexuelle Gesundheit auch während des Lockdowns Untersuchungen und Beratungen angeboten, um Sexarbeiter*innen eine möglichst rasche Rückkehr zu ermöglichen, berichtet Renate Blum. Eine neue Hürde ist mit dem 22. März hinzugekommen: Bereits vor der Untersuchung ist ein negativer Covid-19-Test vorzuweisen. Angesichts der finanziellen Notlage hätte die Stadt Wien jedoch zu wenig Unterstützungsangebote geschaffen, kritisiert Blum. Abseits der prekären ökonomischen Lage hätten Sexarbeiter*innen zunehmend mit Isolation zu kämpfen. Soziale Kontakte über die Arbeit fehlen, auch der Zugang zu Informationen sei so erschwert.
Fehlende Perspektiven
Christine Nagl von PiA kritisiert indes die Informationspolitik der Behörden. Im Gegensatz zu den Lokalbetreibern seien Sexarbeiter*innen und Beratungsstellen kaum mit Informationen versorgt worden, auch auf den Regierungsseiten fehlten entsprechende Hinweise. In Salzburg beobachtet Nagl ein Bordellsterben: Immer mehr kleine Lokale würden schließen, große Betreiber*innen den Markt bestimmen. Im Bundesland ist weder die Straßenprostitution noch Escort erlaubt, die Arbeitsmöglichkeiten für Sexarbeiter*innen würden somit schwinden. Eine berufliche Umorientierung, bei der auch PiA Unterstützung anbietet, gestalte sich äußerst hürdenreich. Erfahren potenzielle Dienstgeber*innen von der Arbeit im Prostitutionsgewerbe, sei die Chance auf eine Anstellung meist dahin. "Dieser Slogan ‚Sexarbeit ist Arbeit‘ ist noch lange nicht Realität. Es ist erst eine Arbeit wie jede andere, wenn ich sie auch in den Lebenslauf schreiben kann", sagt Nagl.
(Brigitte Theißl, 4.4.2021)
https://www.derstandard.at/story/200012 ... zt-sich-zu
Sexarbeit: Die prekäre Lage spitzt sich zu
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Re: Sexarbeit: Die prekäre Lage spitzt sich zu
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Corona consequences
Sex work: the precarious situation comes to a head
Brigitte Theißl
4 April 2021
Sex workers lack earning opportunities in the pandemic - stigmatisation also has drastic consequences
The pandemic is particularly affecting sectors that are characterised by precarious employment - including sex work. For a year, sex workers in Austria could hardly offer their services legally, and with the current Covid 19 regulation, home visits to clients are now also prohibited until further notice.
"The situation is fatal," says Christine Nagl, who heads the Pia project of the Salzburg women's service centre Frau & Arbeit. Sex workers are increasingly facing massive financial problems, the social worker says in an interview with the STANDARD, and only a few can fall back on state support. For example, access to money from the Emergency Fund usually failed because of the lack of account number: only those who have an Austrian bank account can apply. About 90 per cent of sex workers in Austria are migrants; they often opened their accounts in their country of origin.
Stigmatisation
"Most sex workers are waiting for the bars to finally open again so they can work regularly," says Renate Blum from the Viennese association LEFÖ. Many of them are now heavily in debt, which increases the danger of becoming dependent on the managers. Those affected often report high rent costs, which are almost impossible to bear without a regular income.
It is not only sex workers who have to struggle with the lack of income and the constant insecurity. Around 17,000 tenants - twice as many as in the previous year - could be threatened with eviction in 2021, the Chamber of Labour warned. But for sex workers, social stigmatisation exacerbates the situation, says Blum in an interview with the STANDARD. "Hairdressers and restaurant owners are recognised as an important part of society, but sex workers do not have a loud voice. We don't have a broad discussion about when prostitution premisses should be allowed to reopen.”
Illegal work
In Vienna, meanwhile, the police carried out several check controls in private flats last year. The reason was the "increased internet presence of prostitutes offering their services", said the Vienna Provincial Police Directorate in a statement. Charges were filed for violations of the Vienna Prostitution Act as well as for violations of the Covid 19 Protection Measures Ordinance.
Christian Knappik, spokesperson for the Sex Worker Forum association, criticised the officers' actions - for example, when police officers appear undercover as customers and book an appointment. "If you have an experience like that, you don't go to the police later, for example if there is a case of exploitation," says Knappik, who runs a voluntary support network together with sex workers.
Compulsory investigation in the lockdown
Christine Nagl also sees sex workers more strongly targeted by the police than other occupational groups. Especially during the pandemic, sex workers were portrayed as potential super-spreaders, and the already existing discrimination intensified. In Austria, sex workers have to undergo a compulsory examination; only with a stamp in their health card ("cap") can they work legally.
An examination is due every six weeks, the presence of an HIV or syphilis infection is checked every three months. While the city of Vienna offered the compulsory examination throughout, other provinces restricted access. "I was in contact with the Salzburg health department several times because women simply did not get an examination appointment," says Nagl. Between the lockdowns, those affected would thus not have been able to legally pursue their work. "I don't think anyone would deal with any other professional group in this way."
In Vienna, the Centre for Sexual Health also offered examinations and counselling during the lockdown to enable sex workers to return as soon as possible, reports Renate Blum. A new hurdle was, however, added on 22 March: even before the examination, a negative Covid 19 test must be presented. In view of the financial emergency, however, the City of Vienna had created very few support offers, Blum criticises. Apart from the precarious economic situation, sex workers are increasingly struggling with isolation. Social contacts through work are missing, and access to information is also difficult.
Missing perspectives
Christine Nagl from PiA criticises the information policy of the authorities. In contrast to the brothel operators, sex workers and counselling centres were hardly provided with any information, and the government websites also lacked corresponding information. In Salzburg, Nagl observes that brothels are dying: More and more small bars are closing down and large operators are dominating the market. In the province, neither street prostitution nor escorting is allowed, so the job opportunities for sex workers would disappear.
A professional reorientation, for which PiA also offers support, is extremely difficult. If potential employers find out about a previous work in the prostitution industry, the chance of employment is usually gone. "This slogan 'sex work is work' is still far from reality. It is only a job like any other when I can put it on my CV," says Nagl.
Corona consequences
Sex work: the precarious situation comes to a head
Brigitte Theißl
4 April 2021
Sex workers lack earning opportunities in the pandemic - stigmatisation also has drastic consequences
The pandemic is particularly affecting sectors that are characterised by precarious employment - including sex work. For a year, sex workers in Austria could hardly offer their services legally, and with the current Covid 19 regulation, home visits to clients are now also prohibited until further notice.
"The situation is fatal," says Christine Nagl, who heads the Pia project of the Salzburg women's service centre Frau & Arbeit. Sex workers are increasingly facing massive financial problems, the social worker says in an interview with the STANDARD, and only a few can fall back on state support. For example, access to money from the Emergency Fund usually failed because of the lack of account number: only those who have an Austrian bank account can apply. About 90 per cent of sex workers in Austria are migrants; they often opened their accounts in their country of origin.
Stigmatisation
"Most sex workers are waiting for the bars to finally open again so they can work regularly," says Renate Blum from the Viennese association LEFÖ. Many of them are now heavily in debt, which increases the danger of becoming dependent on the managers. Those affected often report high rent costs, which are almost impossible to bear without a regular income.
It is not only sex workers who have to struggle with the lack of income and the constant insecurity. Around 17,000 tenants - twice as many as in the previous year - could be threatened with eviction in 2021, the Chamber of Labour warned. But for sex workers, social stigmatisation exacerbates the situation, says Blum in an interview with the STANDARD. "Hairdressers and restaurant owners are recognised as an important part of society, but sex workers do not have a loud voice. We don't have a broad discussion about when prostitution premisses should be allowed to reopen.”
Illegal work
In Vienna, meanwhile, the police carried out several check controls in private flats last year. The reason was the "increased internet presence of prostitutes offering their services", said the Vienna Provincial Police Directorate in a statement. Charges were filed for violations of the Vienna Prostitution Act as well as for violations of the Covid 19 Protection Measures Ordinance.
Christian Knappik, spokesperson for the Sex Worker Forum association, criticised the officers' actions - for example, when police officers appear undercover as customers and book an appointment. "If you have an experience like that, you don't go to the police later, for example if there is a case of exploitation," says Knappik, who runs a voluntary support network together with sex workers.
Compulsory investigation in the lockdown
Christine Nagl also sees sex workers more strongly targeted by the police than other occupational groups. Especially during the pandemic, sex workers were portrayed as potential super-spreaders, and the already existing discrimination intensified. In Austria, sex workers have to undergo a compulsory examination; only with a stamp in their health card ("cap") can they work legally.
An examination is due every six weeks, the presence of an HIV or syphilis infection is checked every three months. While the city of Vienna offered the compulsory examination throughout, other provinces restricted access. "I was in contact with the Salzburg health department several times because women simply did not get an examination appointment," says Nagl. Between the lockdowns, those affected would thus not have been able to legally pursue their work. "I don't think anyone would deal with any other professional group in this way."
In Vienna, the Centre for Sexual Health also offered examinations and counselling during the lockdown to enable sex workers to return as soon as possible, reports Renate Blum. A new hurdle was, however, added on 22 March: even before the examination, a negative Covid 19 test must be presented. In view of the financial emergency, however, the City of Vienna had created very few support offers, Blum criticises. Apart from the precarious economic situation, sex workers are increasingly struggling with isolation. Social contacts through work are missing, and access to information is also difficult.
Missing perspectives
Christine Nagl from PiA criticises the information policy of the authorities. In contrast to the brothel operators, sex workers and counselling centres were hardly provided with any information, and the government websites also lacked corresponding information. In Salzburg, Nagl observes that brothels are dying: More and more small bars are closing down and large operators are dominating the market. In the province, neither street prostitution nor escorting is allowed, so the job opportunities for sex workers would disappear.
A professional reorientation, for which PiA also offers support, is extremely difficult. If potential employers find out about a previous work in the prostitution industry, the chance of employment is usually gone. "This slogan 'sex work is work' is still far from reality. It is only a job like any other when I can put it on my CV," says Nagl.